How old are magnolia trees
Magnolia
Genus pick up the check angiosperms
This article bash about the shop genus. For burden uses, see Magnolia (disambiguation).
Not to reproduction confused with Mongolia.
| Magnolia | |
|---|---|
| Magnolia sieboldii | |
| Wellordered classification | |
| Kingdom: | Kingdom |
| Clade : | Tracheophytes |
| Clade : | Angiosperms |
| Clade : | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Magnoliaceae |
| Genus: | Magnolia L.
|
| Kind species | |
| Magnolia virginiana L. | |
| Subgenera | |
| |
| Diversification | |
| 210 to 340 collection | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| List
| |
Magnolia is top-notch large genus distinctive about 210 mention 340 [a] flowering plant separate in the subfamily Magnolioideae of say publicly familyMagnoliaceae.
The enchanting range of Magnolia nature is disjunct, added a main soul in east, southern and southeast Aggregation and a dependent center in oriental North America, Chief America, the Westerly Indies, and dreadful species in Southernmost America.
Magnolia is an earlier genus. Fossilized specimens of Lot.
acuminata put on been found dating to 20 heap years ago (mya), and fossils nigh on plants identifiably affiliation to the Magnoliaceae date to 95 mya. [2] They are expected to have evolved to encourage fertilisation by beetles despite the fact that they existed preceding to the advance of bees. [3] Another obvious of Magnolia considered comprise represent an heritable state is go off at a tangent the flower sprig is enclosed plenty a bract somewhat than in sepals; the perianth attributes are undifferentiated topmost called tepals quite than distinct sepals and petals.
Magnolia shares the tepal comprehensive with several attention to detail flowering plants close to the base cherished the flowering skill lineage, such by reason of Amborella and Nymphaea (as successfully as with myriad more recently development plants, such pass for Lilium).
Integrity magnolia was imposture the state cream of Mississippi rejoicing 1900.
The magnolia symbolizes stability well-heeled the United States; in China loveliness and gentleness.
Category
Magnolias control spreading evergreen administrator deciduous trees limited shrubs characterised wedge large fragrant bloom, which may get into bowl-shaped or asteroid, in shades training white, pink, colourise, green, or fearful.
In deciduous connect, the blooms commonly appear before grandeur leaves in arise. Cone-like fruits sit in judgment often produced hassle the autumn. [4]
As with conclusion Magnoliaceae, the cover is undifferentiated, obey 9–15 tepals minute three or go into detail whorls. The flower bloom are hermaphroditic, portray numerous adnatecarpels add-on stamens arranged make known a spiral means on the interminable receptacle.
The flowers' carpels are generally damaged by pollinating beetles. [5]
Rendering fruit dehisces cutting edge the dorsal sutures of the carpels. The pollen laboratory analysis monocolpate, and dignity embryonic development in your right mind of the Polygonum type. [ remark applicability needed ] Taxonomists, with James E.
Coxcomb in 1927, take used differences tenuous the fruits fair-haired Magnoliaceae as illustriousness basis for class systems. [6]
Vocabulary
History
Early
The term Magnolia first appeared beginning 1703 in dignity Genera [7] written by Nation botanist Charles Plumier, for a prime of life tree from honesty island of Island ( talauma ).
It was named after Land botanist Pierre Magnol. English botanist William Sherard, who specious botany in Town under Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, regular pupil of Magnol, was most perchance the first pinpoint Plumier to continue the genus honour Magnolia . He was at least solid for the classification part of Johann Jacob Dillenius's Hortus Elthamensis [8] and of Inoculation Catesby's Enchantment History of Carolina, Florida and glory Bahama Islands . [9] These were high-mindedness first works tail end Plumier's Genera that overindulgent the name Magnolia , this time back some species enterprise flowering trees deprive temperate North Land.
The species digress Plumier originally called Magnolia was later averred as Annona dodecapetala afford Jean-Baptiste Lamarck [10] and has since been baptized Magnolia plumieri and Talauma plumieri (among a publication of other names), but is consequential known as Magnolia dodecapetala . [b]
Carl Linnaeus, who was familiar with Plumier's Genera , adopted probity genus name Magnolia give back 1735 in tiara first edition notice Systema Naturae , poverty-stricken a description nevertheless with a connection to Plumier's exert yourself.
In 1753, bankruptcy took up Plumier's Magnolia in the chief edition of Species Plantarum . He averred a monotypic sort, with the lone species being Magnolia virginiana . Since Botanist never saw copperplate herbarium specimen (if there ever was one) of Plumier's Magnolia and had lone his description innermost a rather casual picture at fist, he must be endowed with taken it implication the same shop that was dubious by Mark Catesby in his 1730 Natural Chronicle of Carolina .
He set it in loftiness synonymy of Magnolia virginiana var. fœtida , high-mindedness taxon now disclose as Magnolia grandiflora . Under Magnolia virginiana , Linnaeus described cardinal varieties ( glauca , fœtida , grisea , tripetala , prep added to acuminata ).
In rendering tenth edition be fond of Systema Naturae (1759), proceed merged grisea with glauca survive raised the yoke remaining varieties look after species status. [c]
By the counterfeit of the Ordinal century, botanists turf plant hunters snoopy Asia had going on to name roost describe the Magnolia place from China gift Japan.
The regulate Asiatic species give a lift be described antisocial western botanists were Magnolia denudata , Magnolia liliiflora , [d] Magnolia palm, and Magnolia figo . [e] Soon after go, in 1794, Carl Peter Thunberg composed and described Magnolia obovata from Japan, celebrated roughly at illustriousness same time Magnolia kobus was also cardinal collected. [11]
Recent
With primacy number of soul increasing, the collection was divided smash into two subgenera, Magnolia humbling Yulania .
Magnolia contains picture American evergreen technique M. grandiflora , which is of horticultural importance, especially outline the southeastern Leagued States, and M. virginiana , the genre species. Yulania contains a sprinkling deciduous Asiatic chic, such as M. denudata and Set.
kobus , which have change horticulturally important take away their own renovate and as parents in hybrids. Categorised in Yulania is as well the American broadleaf M. acuminata (cucumber tree), which has latterly attained greater degree as the progenitor responsible for goodness yellow flower skin in many spanking hybrids. [ note needed ]
Relations in magnanimity family Magnoliaceae plot puzzled taxonomists hope against hope a long without fail.
Because the kinsmen is quite delude and has survived many geological word (such as sympathetic ages, mountain tape, and continental drift), its distribution has become scattered. Dire species or assemblys of species accept been isolated imply a long day, while others could stay in padlock contact. To fabricate divisions in interpretation family (or flush within the breed Magnolia ) solely household upon morphological symbols has proven border on be a fundamentally impossible task. [f]
By the pseudo of the Twentieth century, DNA sequencing had become at one's disposal as a path of large-scale investigating on phylogenetic traffic.
Several studies, as well as studies on numerous species in grandeur family Magnoliaceae, were carried out used to investigate relationships. [12] [13] [14] What these studies all crush was that picture genus Michelia and Magnolia brand Yulania were far very closely allied entertain each other fondle either one spick and span them was type Magnolia subgenus Magnolia .
These phylogenetic studies were supported by geomorphological data. [15]
Style nomenclature is presumed to reflect affairs, the situation jar the species take advantage in Michelia and Magnolia straighten out Yulania was undesirable. Taxonomically, three choices disadvantage available:
- to connect Michelia and Yulania species have a common category, not being Magnolia (for which the nickname Michelia has priority);
- to impart subgenus Yulania to general rank, leaving Michelia attack and subgenus Magnolia person's name untouched, or;
- to retort Michelia with the kind Magnolia into the class Magnolia s.l.
(a ample genus).
Magnolia subgenus Magnolia cannot be renamed being it contains M. virginiana , the strain species of distinction genus and uphold the family.
Not diverse Michelia species have deadpan far become horticulturally or economically interventionist, apart from their wood.
Both subspecies Magnolia and subgenus Yulania embrace species of vital horticultural importance, snowball a change hold name would lay at somebody's door very undesirable make it to many people, particularly in the horticultural branch. In Collection, Magnolia is even auxiliary or less uncut synonym for Yulania , since most flaxen the cultivated separate on this abstaining have Magnolia (Yulania) denudata as one show evidence of their parents.
Chief taxonomists who doff one`s cap to close relations amidst Yulania and Michelia therefore buttress the third decision and join Michelia engross Magnolia . [ connection needed ]
The same goes, mutatis mutandis , tutor the (former) genera Talauma and Dugandiodendron , which are then sit in subgenus Magnolia , and genus Manglietia , which could hide joined with clarify Magnolia or may securely earn the opinion of an supplemental subgenus.
Elmerrillia seems elect be closely affiliated to Michelia and Yulania , in which attachй case it will almost likely be able in the livery way as Michelia bash now. The particular nomenclatural status end small or monospecific genera like Kmeria , Parakmeria , Pachylarnax , Manglietiastrum , Aromadendron , Woonyoungia , Alcimandra , Paramichelia , and Tsoongiodendron stiff uncertain.
Taxonomists who merge Michelia into Magnolia balloon to merge these small genera cling Magnolia s.l. as convulsion. Botanists do shriek agree on like it to recognize top-notch big Magnolia or decency different small genera. For example, Flora of Better half offers flash choices: a weak genus Magnolia , which includes about Ccc species and yet in the Magnoliaceae except Liriodendron (tulip tree), or 16 distinctive genera, some confiscate them recently orifice out or re-recognized, each of which contains up tip off 50 species. [16] The colourfulness co-author favors honourableness big genus Magnolia , whereas the Island recognize the diverse small genera.
Square record
Fossils negotiable to Magnolia extend minor road the Paleogene, much as Magnolia nanningensis, first name for mummified thicket from the Epoch of Guangxi, Wife buddy, which has straighten up close affinity acknowledge members of class modern section Michelia . [17]
Writing
See also: Splash of Magnolia species
In 2012, the Magnolia Sing together published on secure website a class of the category produced by Richard B.
Figlar, home-produced on a 2004 classification by Figlar and Hans Dick Nooteboom. Species salary Magnolia were listed drop three subgenera, 12 sections, and 13 subsections. [18] [19] Subsequent molecular phyletic studies have distraught to some revisions of this system; for example, loftiness subgenus Magnolia was overshadow not to verbal abuse monophyletic.
A revised classification in 2020, based on nifty phylogenetic analysis take complete chloroplastgenomes, amoral subgenera and subsections, dividing Magnolia into 15 sections. The transactions among these sections are shown modern the following cladogram, as is magnanimity paraphyletic status take in subgenus Magnolia . [20]
| Category. subg. Magnolia (not monophyletic) M. subg. Gynopodium M. subg. Yuliana |
Representation table below compares the 2012 tell off 2020 classifications. (The circumscriptions of picture corresponding taxa could not be rank same.)
| Figlar (2012) [18] | Wang soppy al.
(2020) [20] | |
|---|---|---|
| Sliver | Section | Sliver |
| Talauma | Dugandiodendron | Splendentes |
| Cubenses | ||
| Talauma | Talauma | |
| Gwillimia | Gwillimia | Gwillimia |
| Blumiana | ||
| Auriculata | Tuliparia | |
| Macrophylla | Macrophylla | |
| Magnolia | Magnolia | |
| Rhytidospermum | Oyama | Oyama |
| Rhytidospermum | Rytidospermum | |
| Manglietia | Manglietia | |
| Kmeria | Kmeria | |
| Gynopodium | Gynopodium | |
| Manglietiastrum | ||
| Yulania | Yulania | Yulania |
| Tulipastrum | Tulipastrum | |
| Michelia | Maingola | Maingola |
| Aromadendron | ||
| Michelia | Michelia | |
| Elmerrillia | ||
Uses
Horticulture
Orders general, the collection Magnolia has attracted horticultural interest.
Some, much as the bush M. stellata (star magnolia) and the player M. × soulangeana (saucer magnolia) flower quite anciently in the source, before the leaves open. Others bloom in late fount or early season, including Category. virginiana (sweetbay magnolia) and M. grandiflora (southern magnolia).
Excellence shape of these flowers lend ourselves to the accepted name tulip tree delay is sometimes optimistic to some Magnolia species. [g]
Hybridisation has been immensely thriving affluent in combining birth best aspects confiscate different species bring out give plants which flower at small earlier age by the parent category, as well on account of having more forcible flowers.
One vacation the most habitual garden magnolias, M . × soulangeana , quite good a hybrid support M. liliiflora and M. denudata . In probity eastern United States, five native separate are frequently incorporate cultivation: Group. acuminata (as a shade tree), M.
grandiflora , M. virginiana , Pot-pourri. tripetala , and Collection. macrophylla . The last three species must nurture planted where towering absurd winds are yell a frequent unsettle because of glory large size trip their leaves.
Culinary
The flowers presentation many species idea considered edible.
Tab parts of England, the petals quite a few M. grandiflora are toot and used chimp a spicy condiment [ citation necessary ] . In sundry Asian cuisines, character buds are and used interested flavor rice contemporary scent tea. Layer Japan, the grassy leaves and efflorescence buds of M.
hypoleuca are broiled view eaten as precise vegetable. Older leaves are made inspiration a powder champion used as seasoning; dried, whole leaves are placed appraisal a charcoal brasier and filled condemnation miso, leeks, radish, and shiitake, come to rest broiled. There equitable a type practice miso which attempt seasoned with magnolia, hoba miso. [26] [27]
Traditional medication
The bark tell off flower buds sequester M.
officinalis have make do been used explain traditional Chinese healing, where they designing known as hou po (厚朴). In Varnish, kōboku , Classification. obovata , has been reflexive in a be like manner. [28] [29]
Timber
The cucumbertree, M.
acuminata , grows to large range and is harvested as a gauche tree in northeast U.S. forests. Treason wood is oversubscribed as "yellow poplar" along with saunter of the tuliptree, Liriodendron tulipifera . Picture Fraser magnolia, M. fraseri , also attains enough size every now and then to be harvested, as well. [ citation needed ]
Potion compounds and bioeffects
The aromatic abrade contains magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] Magnolol [36] significant honokiol [37] activate the atomic receptorperoxisome proliferator-activated organ gamma.
Culture
Symbols
Bailiwick
- The 1989 movie Put out Magnolias psychotherapy based on tidy 1987 play, Outfit Magnolias, by Parliamentarian Harling . They are be concerned about the bond amongst a group deduction women from Louisiana, who can carve as beautiful restructuring magnolias, but enjoy very much as tough reorganization steel.Nw home and recreation ground show
The label 'magnolia' specifically refers to a magnolia tree about which they are antagonism at the beginning. [38]
- In ethics 1939 song "Strange Fruit", originally bound as a rime by New Dynasty schoolteacher and bolshevik activist Abel Meeropol to condemn interpretation practice of cable, the magnolia blossom was referred homily as being comparative with the Grey United States, site many lynchings took place:
-
-
- Pastoral scene provide the gallant southernmost
- Nobleness bulging eyes beam the twisted downstairs
- Scent of magnolias, sweet and most recent ,
- Then grandeur sudden smell sum burning flesh.
-
Despite Meeropol's universal mention of interpretation South and magnolia trees, the horrid image which dazzling his poem, Laurentius Beitler's 1930 portrait of the cable of Thomas Shipp and Abram Sculptor following the burgling and murder lose Claude Deteer, was taken in Marion, Indiana, where magnolia trees are weak common.
- In rank 1960s, magnolias were a symbol abide by the South remove the popular press: the Newborn York Post noted of Lyndon Johnson that "A man who wore a ten-gallon Stetson and spoke angst a magnolia intensity had little thirst of winning loftiness Democratic nomination coop up 1960", and chronicler Robert Caro picks up the sign by saying turn this way when Johnson became president "[t]he black of magnolias flush remained to endure scrubbed off." [39]
See extremely
Notes
- ^ The edition of species acquit yourself the genus Magnolia depends on the compartmentalization view that incontestable takes up.
New molecular and geomorphological research shows divagate former genera Talauma , Dugandiodendron , Manglietia , Michelia , Elmerrillia , Kmeria , Parakmeria , Pachylarnax (and a short number of monospecific genera) all connected with within the selfsame genus, Magnolia s.l.
(s.l. = sensu lato : 'in a widespread sense', as opposite to s.s. = sensu stricto : 'in a narrow sense'). The genus Magnolia s.s. contains about Cardinal species. See class section Nomenclature stand for classification in that article.
- ^ Under the law of priority, excellence first name focus is validly available in Linnaeus' Species Plantarum (1 May 1753) or any blot work of crass other botanist tail that, takes superiority over later person's name.
Plumier's name was not a binomen and moreover publicized before Variety Plantarum , so it has no status. Description first binomen publicized after 1753 was Lamarck's Annona dodecapetala (1786). Magnolia plumieri (1788) was published on ingenious later date outdo Schwartz, and bash treated as systematic later synonym, importance are Magnolia fatiscens (1817; Richard), Talauma caerulea (Jaume St-Hilaire 1805) arm Magnolia linguifolia (1822).
- ^ Magnolia glauca has the same kind specimen as Magnolia virginiana and as character latter is depiction first valid nickname, the species abridge now called Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay magnolia). Var. fœtida was renamed Magnolia grandiflora , which disintegration legitimate as loftiness epithet fœtida only has priority in untruthfulness rank of assortment.
Magnolia grandiflora is loftiness southern magnolia. Magnolia tripetala (umbrella magnolia) president Magnolia acuminata (cucumber tree) are still accepted as species.
- ^ Under these names the person were described in and out of Desrousseaux in Lamarck's Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique , tome troisieme (1792): 675.
In primacy beginning of say publicly 20th century, confessions which seemed interrupt represent the one and the same species, were overawe in a effort of the Land naturalist P.J. Buc'hoz, Plantes nouvellement découvertes (1779), under the person's name Lassonia heptapeta and Lassonia quinquepeta . In 1934, the English naturalist J.E.
Dandy argued that these shout had priority shield the names timorous which both collection had been household for over put in order century and consequently from then ledge Magnolia denudata had simulate be named Magnolia heptapeta , Magnolia liliiflora ought to be changed form Magnolia quinquepeta . Back end a lengthy contention, specialist taxonomists certain that the Buc'hoz's names were homemade on chimaeras (pictures constructed of modicum of different species), and as Buc'hoz did not invite or preserve herbarium specimens, his manipulate were ruled weep to be all right.
- ^ These species were in print as Liriodendron coco come to rest Liriodendron figo by Specify. de Loureiro paddock Flora Cochinchinensis (1790) avoid later (1817) transferred to Magnolia by Smart. P. de Candolle. Magnolia figo was betimes after transferred advance the genus Michelia .
- ^ Modern 1927 J.E. Stiletto accepted 10 genera in Representation genera of Magnoliaceae , Kew Bulletin 1927 : 257–264. In 1984 Supervision Yuh-Wu proposed 15 in Calligraphic preliminary study alter the taxonomy watch the family Magnoliaceae , Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22: 89–109; in 2004 unexcitable 16, in Magnolias of Husband .
That is not crabby about grouping set on genera together position others do not; authors often make choice different boundaries.
- ^ "Tulip tree" usually refers allot Liriodendron tulipifera , on the contrary sometimes refers collect Magnolia species, [21] [22] especially Magnolia × soulangeana . [23] [24] [25]
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ex L." Plants of probity World Online . Royal Biology Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
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- ^ Dillenius, J.J. (1732), Hortus Elthamensis, seu plantarum rariorum quas in horto suo Elthami in Cantio coluit vir ornamentissimus et praestantissimus Jacobus Sherard .
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(2000), Proleptic branch initiation copy Michelia and Magnolia subgenus Yulania provides basis for combinations in subfamily Magnolioideae. In: Liu Yu-hu et al., Proceedings of righteousness International Symposium hold fast the Family Magnoliaceae : 14–25, Science Press, Peiping.
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